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| Title |
Gabriel Cramer's probabilistic logic |
| Author |
MARTIN Thierry |
| Keywords |
Cramer Gabriel, Encyclopaedia, Probabilistic logic, Probability of testimony |
| Topics |
History of sciences, Logic, Probabilities |
| Abstract |
Around 1745, the algebrist Gabriel Cramer gave a course of lectures on Logic, which was unpublished until to-day and of which an important part was dedicated to probable knowledge. The article «Probability» from the Diderot-D'Alembert's Encyclopaedia originates from these lectures. In this paper, we intend to disclose the representation of the probabilistic logic developed in this text, and we show in what way: 1°) this text highly testifies to the development of the probabilistic thought in the first half of the XVIIIth century and to the difficulties met by its formalization, 2°) it reveals a clearness and an exactness which the abstract given by the Encyclopaedia failed to account for. |
| Number |
176, Winter 2006, special issue: Contribution to the history of probabilities. Tribute issue to Bernard Bru |
| Language |
 French | Read the article
| Title |
Condorcet and "The art of drawing up historical tables" |
| Author |
RIEUCAU Nicolas |
| Keywords |
Classification, Computing, Condorcet, Databases, History, Progress |
| Topics |
Classification - Clustering - Partitioning, Computer Sciences, Epistemology, History of sciences |
| Abstract |
A Member of the Encyclopedists' group and «Secrétaire perpétuel» of the French Academy of Sciences, Condorcet (1743-1794) was particularly interested in the subject of classification in the realm of human knowledge as well as in the realm of Nature. He did not only comment the works of his contemporaries on this subject, but also developed his own thinking about the principles of taxonomy. A direct product of this thinking is his original and quite unknown classification of the history of the progress of the human mind, called Table de référence. This Table was elaborated in three coded dimensions - rows, columns and depth - supposed to allow the storage, identification and processing of historical data. The fact that the Table de référence remained unfinished is easy to understand if one conceives it as an exploratory construction intended by Condorcet for future generations. The Table de référence is also in Condorcet's view an expression of the power of analysis, which is for him synonymous with mathematical calculus. As a consequence, the process of classification is conceived as a purely mechanical operation, and makes Condorcet's research an explicit forerunner of punched cards systems and automatic data processing. |
| Number |
176, Winter 2006, special issue: Contribution to the history of probabilities. Tribute issue to Bernard Bru |
| Language |
French | Read the article
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| Title |
Historical look at the place of operational research and decision aiding in France |
| Author |
ROY Bernard |
| Keywords |
Decision making, History, Operational Research |
| Topics |
Decision Theory, History of sciences, Operations Research |
| Abstract |
This paper revisits and expands my talk at the 7th congress of the ROADEF association. It is restricted to France and is essentially concerned with the place that the OR-DA has held in various environments during the last fifty years, as well as the way that is has been perceived and institutionalized.
After a first panoramic look at the evolution of OR-DA, in my opinion, divided into three periods, I consider its history according to five visual angles. Some proposals are expressed as a conclusion.
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| Number |
175, Fall 2006 |
| Language |
French | Read the article
| Title |
Condorcet and social mathematics; enthusiastic and yet... |
| Author |
FELDMAN Jacqueline |
| Keywords |
Classification, Condorcet, Social mathematics, Universal language |
| Topics |
History of Mathematics, History of sciences, Social Sciences |
| Abstract |
Condorcet was the last of the encyclopaedists : a "geometer" and fervent advocate of «public good», he believed in the unlimited progress of the human mind and knowledge. Reason, which had served the natural sciences so well, had henceforth to serve the «moral sciences», whose aim is human happiness. He was the first to propose and think out «social mathematics». While the nineteenth century paid almost no heed to that, for half a century now he has gained academic renown as a forerunner of mathematics applied to the social sciences. The present article traces the evolution of his ideas - especially his early reluctance, which is shared by some people today. It also looks at other less well-known aspects of his thought, such as the importance he attached to «the art of making tables» and the devising of an universal language which would enable every one to share scientific knowledge. Lastly it shows that beyond the fervent enthousiasm of maturity he was aware of possible misuses. |
| Number |
172, Winter 2005, special issue: Models and mathematical methods in the social sciences: contributions and limits |
| Language |
French | Read the article
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