But the Young Turks themselves, led by Enver Pasha, were in fact a diverse group - revolutionary thinkers, conservative politicians, proto-Europeans, and Ottoman nationalists. Their Constantinople revolution, constitutional and urban, was resisted in the provinces, and by 1909 the Young Turks were forced to face down a reactionary Islamist coup. The Young Turk Revolution focuses on the compromises, successes and failures in the immediate aftermath of 1908, and provides key original readings of the events in provincial Anatolia. Based on new primary material and Ottoman-Turkish sources, this book represents an essential corrective to our understanding of Late Ottoman and Modern Turkey.